What is the primary process by which prokaryotic cells divide?

The primary process by which prokaryotic cells divide is binary fission. This method of asexual reproduction is essential for prokaryotes, such as bacteria, allowing them to replicate efficiently. During binary fission, the prokaryotic cell grows to a certain size and then replicates its single chromosome. After the DNA has been copied, the cell elongates and eventually divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is straightforward and allows for rapid population growth, especially favorable in environments where resources are plentiful.

Mitosis, while a process of cell division, is specific to eukaryotic cells and involves complex steps such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, along with the formation of a mitotic spindle. Cytokinesis refers to the actual splitting of the cytoplasm following nuclear division and is often a part of the overall division process in eukaryotes, not applicable to the simplest prokaryotic division. Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction, another process not utilized by prokaryotic organisms. Thus, binary fission is distinctly suited to the characteristics and needs of prokaryotic life forms.